FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SYSTEMATICINEQUALITY ACROSS AFRICAN CULTURES

Author

Innocent Opara, PhD
Airforce Institute of Technology, Kaduna
oparainnocent73@gmail.com
+2349047208097

Abstract

Discriminations against women have been a major
global concern and the 21stcentury has witnessed
unprecedented rise in systematic discriminations against
women especially in Africa where women are
historically unfairly treated. The concept of inequality is
a complex and multifaceted one that has over the years
proved difficult to resolve due to cultural barriers.
Gender parity though, a societal goal has remained an
unrealizable global dream despite universal efforts.
Women historically have been discriminated against in
various contexts in African cultures including pay and
employment. The World bank estimates thatglobally
about 2.4 billion women of working age do notget equal
economic opportunities compared to men.The entire
world is struggling to tackle the challenges of gender
inequalitywhich remains one of the most persistent
social issues across cultures and societies and continues
to undermine sustainable development of societies. Discriminations against women have been a major
global concern and the 21stcentury has witnessed
unprecedented rise in systematic discriminations against
women especially in Africa where women are
historically unfairly treated. The concept of inequality is
a complex and multifaceted one that has over the years
proved difficult to resolve due to cultural barriers.

References

Albanesi, Stefania and Claudia Olivetti, (2007) “Gender
Roles and Technological Progress,” Working
Paper, NBER
Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2013). On the
origins of gender roles.
Cao, G. (2025). A cross-cultural perspective on social
structures and gender inequality.
Abu, K. (1991). Family welfare and work dynamics in
urban Northern Ghana. Geneva: International
Labour Office. Alsop, R., & Healey, P. (2008). Gender equality and
economic growth for poverty reduction. In D
Ehrenpreis (Ed.), Poverty in focus
Antecol, Heather, (2000)“An Examination of Cross-
Country Differences in the Gender Gap in Labor
Force Participation Rates,” Labour Economics, 7
(4), 409–426
Amu, J. N. (2005). The role of women in Ghana’s
economy
Adomako Ampofo, A. (2001). When men speak women
listen: Gender socialization and young
adolescents’ attitudes to sexual andreproductive
issues. African Journal of Reproductive Health,
5(3), 196-212.
Ardayfio-Schandorf, E. (2005). Violence against
women: The Ghanaian case. Presented at an
Expert group meeting on Violence against
women: A statistical overview, challenges and
gaps in data collection and methodology and
approaches for overcoming them. Geneva:
United Nations, Economic Commission for
Europe and World Health Organization.
Augustin, E., Assad, R., & Jaziri, D. (2012). Women
empowerment for improved research in
agricultural development, innovation and knowledge transfer in the West Asia/ North
Africa Region. Jordan: Association of
Agricultural Research Institutions in the Near
East and North Africa
Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of language learning
and teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice
Hall Regents.
Costa, J., & Silva, E. (2008). The burden of gender
inequalities for society. In D. Ehrenpreis (Ed.),
Poverty in focus: Gender equality
Cleves, M. J. (1993). Half the world, half a chance: An
introduction to gender and development. USA:
Oxfam.
Costa, J., & Silva, E. (2008). The burden of gender
inequalities for society. In D. Ehrenpreis (Ed.),
Poverty in focus: Gender equality.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research
design: choosing among five traditions.
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Drechsler, D., J¸tting, J., & Lindberg, C. (2008). Gender,
institutions and development: Better data, better
policies. In D. Ehrenpreis (Ed.), Poverty in focus:
Gender equality (pp. 10-11). Brazil: International
Poverty Centre Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011). The state of
food and agriculture, women in agriculture:
Closing the gender gap for development, Rome:
United Nations
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (1996). The ambivalent sexism
theory
Jayachandran, S. (2015).The roots of gender inequality
in developing countries.
Withers, M., &Biyanwila, J. (2014). Gender inequality
in labor markets.
Qing, S. (2020). Gender role attitudes and income
differences.SpringerLink
Griffin, G., & Vehvil‰inen, M. (2021). Gender struggles
in research and innovation. lectitopublishing.com
Hinton-Smith, T. et al. (2024). Gender inequality
awareness in higher education.tandfonline.com
World Economic Forum. Global Gender Gap Report.
United Nations Development Programme. Gender
Equality Index 2010
The UNESCO 2019-2025) Strategy for gender equality
in and through education (2019-2025)World
Bank. Gender equality and development report (2013)
UN Women. Progress on gender equality. Sri
Lanka gender inequality study. Mediterranean
Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 4 (1).

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *